Calloway County, Kentucky

Kentucky County was formed in 1776 in Virginia. Prior to that time, from December 1, 1772 to December 31, 1776, the area was part of Fincastle County, Virginia. It was during the four years of Fincastle’s existence that many pioneers and land companies made their way to Kentucky. After the American Revolution, however, thousands of settlers from the eastern states migrated to the area known as Kentucky, venturing down the Ohio River or across the Cumberland Mountains by way of the Wilderness Road. In 1780 Kentucky County was split into three counties. They were: Fayette, Jefferson and Lincoln. By 1790 the region had a population of more than 73,000. As the number of settlers grew there were increased demands for separation from Virginia.

From 1784 to 1790, nine conventions were held at Danville to resolve issues related to separation. Finally, at the ninth convention, the delegates voted to accept the terms of separation offered by Virginia, and petitioned the Congress of the United States for statehood. At a final convention in 1792, a state constitution was drafted, and on June 1, 1792, Kentucky entered the federal Union as the 15th state, and the first west of the Appalachians. In addition to the three original counties, six more were added: Nelson, Woodford, Mason, Madison, Bourbon, and Mercer. Isaac Shelby was elected as the state’s first governor. Lexington was briefly the seat of state government until, later that year, Frankfort was designated the permanent state capital. It has been calculated that at the time of statehood the white population of Kentucky was 51.6 percent English, 24.8 percent Scots-Irish, 9.0 percent Irish, and the remainder mixed between Welsh, German, French, Dutch and Swedish.

The original boundaries of Calloway County, located in the southwest area of the state, included present-day Marshall County. It was created from a part of Hickman County by an act of the General Assembly on December 15, 1821. It came into formal existence on November 3, 1822, when the state legislature approved the act. It was Kentucky’s seventy-second county, and Wadesboro was designated as the county seat. In 1776 Colonel Richard Callaway, a Kentucky explorer and friend of Daniel Boone, moved his family to Kentucky. He became active in the affairs of the early settlements, and it was in his honor that Calloway County was named (reference books differ on the spelling of the Colonel’s name; some show it as Callaway, while others use Calloway). Colonel Callaway is credited as being one who helped bring law and order to the frontier, and his life, though shortened by an early death in defense of the frontier, is one which the citizens of Calloway County point to with pride.

However, long before Calloway County was officially formed there was an influx of pioneers into the area from Virginia and the Carolinas. They settled in the northern part of what would be Calloway County because it was there that they found an abundance of water, game and timber. Banister Wade first visited the area as an adventurer in 1818, and he is credited as having established the first permanent settlement in 1820.

Wadesboro served as the county seat from 1822 to 1842. The community flourished, and at one time had over three hundred citizens. It became a center for land speculation when the surrounding public lands were offered for sale by the legislature. Many immigrants, as well as speculators, soon arrived in search of cheap land, which in 1827 was being sold for fifty cents an acre. As a result, Wadesboro suddenly became a thriving town, with accompanying business activity, and law and order problems as well. The area lost its primary draw, however, when the government lands were sold off. The population of Wadesboro then declined rapidly, and the county seat was moved to the more active town of Murray.

Most of the offspring of Joseph Erwin, Sr. and Catherine Nancy Cowan eventually moved into Mississippi, Georgia, Alabama, Texas and Arkansas. Three, however, elected to remain in the area of Henry County, Tennessee and Calloway County, Kentucky, its neighbor to the north.

They were:

1. John Johnston Erwin, the sixth-born. He married Sarah Maria Allison in 1825, and they had eleven children. John and Sarah are both buried in South Pleasant Grove Cemetery in Calloway County, Kentucky.
2. Mary B. Erwin, the ninth child, married Benjamin Huggs. She is buried near her mother in the Palestine Cemetery in Henry County.
3. Margaret Clementine Erwin, number twelve. Little is known about Margaret. What we do know is that she married a Mr. Callahan, that she died August 11, 1839, and that she is buried in the South Pleasant Grove Cemetery.

Joseph Erwin, Jr, and most of his children, eventually moved to Carroll County, Arkansas. The two exceptions were:

Elizabeth Catherine Erwin, the second-born child of Joseph and Rebecca Erwin, married (1) Joseph Wiseman before 1840. She married (2) Joseph M.W. Alderson January 1, 1841 in Henry County, TN. He was born April 6, 1818 and died December 20, 1858. Elizabeth Catherine died February 23, 1892 in Calloway County, Kentucky.

Joseph Lafayette (Fate) Erwin, the fourth child of Joseph & Rebecca Erwin, was born November 18, 1825 in Giles County, Tennessee. He married Mariah (Maria) Anastasia Erwin, a first cousin, in 1849 in Tennessee, probably in Paris, the county seat of Henry County. She was born August 18, 1829 in Tennessee, probably Henry County.

Kentucky, although a slavery state, grew little cotton. Like the other so-called border-states, it maintained close economic ties with both the North and South. Still, the 225,000 slaves in Kentucky in 1860 were a major portion of the state’s labor force and were nearly twenty percent of the total population. Most Kentucky slaveholders were, of course, ardent supporters of slavery. However, a considerable number of Kentuckians were actively opposed to slavery, and had little interest in, or sympathy for, the South.

In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president as the candidate of the Republican Party, which opposed the spread of slavery. The cotton state of South Carolina had threatened to secede if the Republicans won, and in December 1860 it did so. Other slavery states followed in quick succession, and in February 1861 they formed a confederacy, the Confederate States of America. The Civil War (1861-1865) began in April 1861 when Confederate artillery fired on the Union garrison at Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor.

Kentucky’s governor, Beriah Magoffin, refused both the Union’s and the Confederacy’s call for volunteers. In May the state legislature resolved that Kentucky would take no part in the fighting, and Magoffin issued a proclamation declaring the state to be neutral in the conflict. Because of the state’s strategic location, neither side fully respected Kentucky’s neutrality. Recruiters from both the Union and the Confederacy enlisted Kentuckians. In Calloway County a large segment of the population supported the Confederate cause. It is estimated that as many as five hundred men joined the Confederate ranks, while only about two hundred enlisted in the Federal forces.

When Confederate forces moved into Kentucky in September 1861, however, the state declared allegiance to the Union. The Battle of Mill Springs, or Logan’s Crossroads, was the first major battle of the war within Kentucky.  It was fought at Nancy in January 1862, and resulted in a Confederate defeat. Then, late in the summer of 1862, Confederate forces embarked on a bold campaign to take Kentucky. They pushed northward and westward into the state from central Tennessee, and defeated Union Army troops at Richmond and Munfordville. However, the main Confederate advance was halted at Perryville on October 8, 1862. The Battle of Perryville, also known as the Battle of Chaplin Hills, was the bloodiest engagement in the state’s history. More than 7,600 casualties were counted. No other large-scale battles took place in the state, although raids by Confederate General John Hunt Morgan gained a lot of publicity.

In 1861 the Confederates erected Fort Heiman on the Tennessee River in the southeast section of Calloway County in an effort to establish control of the area. In 1862 Federal forces captured the fort and held it until 1864, at which time Confederate General Nathan B. Forrest moved into the area with a major force. The small Union garrison abandoned the fort, and General Forrest used it as a base for his successful assault on Johnsonville, Tennessee. In 1862 Union troops moved through Calloway County, arresting citizens on charges of disloyalty, and in 1863 a small force of Union soldiers occupied Murray for a brief period.

Although Calloway County was the scene of only minor skirmishes between the regular armies during the War, her citizens suffered from the raids of small bands of irregular marauders, wearing both uniforms, including the guerrilla band of the notorious Captain William Clarke Quantrill. These raiders, also called “bushwhackers,” plundered citizens of their food, money, and horses, and were responsible for as many as forty murders. Some felt that certain individuals used the upheaval of war to take advantage of their neighbors. Formal hostilities ceased with General Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, but it took many years to totally erase the grievances, real and imagined, between friends and neighbors.

In many states, especially in the border-states, families were torn apart as some members enlisted in the Confederacy while others volunteered to fight for the North. These divisions within families, and the breakup of lifelong friendships, were among the many tragic results of the war. The Erwin and related families were no different, and were very often split with regard to the Civil War. Most Erwins in the South did not own slaves, but even so they tended to embrace the Confederate views regarding the issue. Erwins on the Union side were just as adamant in their feelings. This, of course, often led to heated exchanges between family members. An example of this is illustrated in the following excerpt from a letter dated July 18, 1861. It was written by James H. Erwin in West Point, Georgia to his uncle, John Johnston Erwin, in Calloway County: 

“…I am very sorry at the position the galant old state of “Kentuck” occupies at this time. How it is, that a Southern State can remain in a Government ruled by a black republican President, disregarding and trampling underfoot the plainest provisions of the Constitution and waging a war of subjugation or extermination upon Eleven States with whom Kentucky is connected by every consideration of interest, Patriotism and Sympathy is to me a matter of great surprise. Under such circumstaces Neutrality is an absurdity and Kentucky in attempting to maintain it is occupying the unenviable position of a Coward in the estimation of any Southern State. The people of the Confederate States are united and regard with contempt all Ideas and efforts at reconstruction. They could not be induced back in to the “Old Wreck” upon any terms. Looking at it from every stand point possible the conclusion is irresistable that those who are not for us in this struggle are against us. You are much mistaken in Southern Valor and patriotism when you think that it was our object to make Kentucky the battleground and then to retire with “forced armes” and not participate in the struggle. far from it. But if you people could be satisfied that Kentucky desired to cut loose from old Abe and his \ government and link her destiny with the Confederate States where God and nature designed her to be, thousands upon tens of thousands of the brave hearts and strong army from the Confederacy would flock to the standard and fight until “the last armed for expired” and until Kentucky should be again free and independent. And if Kentucky is afraid to strike for liberty and freedom and will manifest her willingness our Jeff will send a force sufficient to drive out every hessian from her soil, and if Kentuckians are unwilling to participate, they can flee to the “hills of [illegible] for safety.” But I believe that Kentucky will get aroused from this lethergy and inactivity and vindicate her honor, unite with her sisters in a Confederacy that is destined to be unsurpassed by the world. In what I have said of Kentucy I intend nothing personal to yourself for I know you have not a nephew who esteems you more highly than I do. We are all entitled to our political opinions, and it is nothing strange if men should differ.”

As in other families, there were Erwins in both armies. Over twelve hundred Erwins, from all states, fought in the war. The number of casualties was horrendous. Many of the battlefield wounds, which today could be safely treated, were eventually fatal because of the primitive field medical care available at the time. Many families lost several sons. Thomas Barkley Erwin, of Smith County, Texas, for example, sent four sons to war, but only two returned. Many soldiers, on both sides, died of illnesses related to poor sanitation, typhoid, influenza, and pneumonia. Others died in the prison camps because of poor medical care, dismal sanitation conditions, abuse, and general neglect. Both sides were equally at fault in this regard.